Brooklyn was Second Ward,
a huge community of more than seven thousand families, one hundred and ten recorded street
level businesses was a place rich in cultural, educational, spiritual and entrepreneurial
activities. Its former residents long since removed from the area by Urban Renewal still
call Brooklyn home.Beginning in the late 1800s, into the 1900s until the 1940s
and early 50s, Brooklyn had become a city within a city. Anything you wanted
or needed for your daily life, you could buy in Brooklyn. The community became a Mecca for
African Americans traveling the eastern seaboard into Charlotte.
(The community was so
self-sufficient; when I was commissioned to write a play on Brooklyn I titled it The
Second City.)
After slavery ended, just
as the confederacy moved out of the city, the first eighteen African American churches
were built in Brooklyn. The construction of these churches of every denomination took
place for the most part during the night. Women bearing lanterns and baskets of food
helped as the men worked to nearly dawn building churches that are still remembered.
The community housed the
first Afro-American high school known as Second Ward. Educators from throughout the city
combined efforts to make Second Ward High School one of the leading high schools in the
state of North Carolina. An interesting and little known fact is, at night the basement of
the school became Carver College, a Junior College established to educate veterans
returning home after World War II.
Brooklyn became
a center for national entertainers from Fats Waller who was often heard at the Ebony Guest
House singing Oh, your feets too big, I dont love you cause your feets
too big. Cab Calloway played here and Billie Holiday performed at Myers Street
School for the elementary school kids in their classrooms. And there were frequent
visitors like Jackie Moms Mabley, Nat King Cole
and big bands and small chittlering
circuits bands traveling north to south and back again. Brooklyn was Second
Ward.
First Ward
Was located to the immediate north of downtown and was the distinguished community of
three of Charlottes first African American Churches: Little Rock AME Zion, Seventh
Street Presbyterian and Prince of Peace Lutheran and the first African American Hotel, the
very elegant Alexander Hotel. An African American physician and entrepreneur, Dr. Eugene
Alexander, owned the hotel. This establishment, a large two-storied white mansion, sitting
high on a hill, was First Wards pride. During the 40s and 50s the Hotel was the
place for civic and social events held in the African American community in
Charlotte.
I remember the
celebration of my Mothers youngest brother Edgar Stevenson to the Cherry
Girl (as she was called coming from the Cherry community right next door) the very
pretty Leatrice Roberts. Everything sparkled, white tablecloths, music, linen napkins,
silver and crystal and beautiful flowers by candlelight. I was five months into the third
year of my life. Little did I know that the pristine mansion was known as the
colored hotel and any African American person passing through the city without a
place to stay had to board at The Alexander Hotel or sleep at the bus or train station
until time to depart. Then in the sixties as the interior of segregation began to change,
my friends, others and I would attend banquets, dances and affairs at the previously
white only Hotel Charlotte and the Barringer Hotel in downtown Charlotte.
Soon we were to watch The Alexander Hotel sitting high on its hill deteriorating, waiting
to be torn down. The sight of the hotel was interesting and it stood for a very long time
and every time we passed it, someone said, There goes the Alexander Hotel, child it
was fine in its day, during Jim Crowe it was all that we had.
I also remember the
numerous visits to the home of Gladys King, a seamstress. She and her Mother were serious
seamstresses. They were gifted with the rare
talent of being able to sew without a pattern. We would take her a picture from a
magazine. She would take our measurements and then cut a pattern from newspaper, go
directly to the cloth and cut out a dress ready for sewing. When we returned to her house
and upon close inspection, our dresses looked as though they had come from the finest
shops. They were the entrepreneurs of First Ward and they moved soon into a shop in
Biddleville. I remember seeing rows of cars parked on both sides of the street where the
shop was located. People came from everywhere to have clothes made by Miss Gladys and her
Mother. It has been said that they sewed for every African-American schoolteacher in the
Charlotte-Mecklenburg school system. Interesting, though this business survived and
prospered for more than thirty years, there is no mention of it in the historical records
of businesses that flourished in First Ward.
This area lies within the Interstate 277 loop and is defined as the center
city. Traditional grid street pattern is found and neighborhoods surround skyscrapers.
Downtown residential space is within Charlottes original wards.
First Ward is in the
northeastern quadrant of the city. First Ward Place is a 350 unit complex uniting
residents of various income levels.
Second Ward presently has
no housing. The homes in this quadrant were razed in the 1960s
Third Ward is home to
Gateway Plaza and a myriad of condominiums, townhomes and apartments. Yes, there are also
single family homes in Third Ward.
Fourth Ward with some of
Charlotte's oldest homes (many were moved here) led Charlotte's urban renewal in the
northwestern quadrant.
Fourth Ward/Greenville
The more I write or am asked to write about the African American communities of Charlotte,
the more I realize that the wonderful close communities, productive communities, that felt
and functioned like a network of families within a family, no longer exist. They were a
part of an African American nation of communities throughout the United States dispersed,
relocated, and torn apart by Urban Renewal from the heart, warmth and legacies of our
culture.
The Greenville Community
where I lived and grew up as a child is symbolic of one of these communities where a lot
of love and one hundred and five years of growth was destroyed by a bulldozer. I can hear
my Mother's voice calling to her brothers (in the early seventies) as the men on big
machines, trucks and bulldozers arrived to demolish our home, "Edgar, brother",
she said "you had better get here now, the house wreckers are here!" Destroy our
home! I did not want to understand! Our home at 829 Maple Street was a magical castle to
me, it was a nine room, two story stucco and frame structure with a large oak door and
huge front porch that could hold about twenty kids from the neighborhood on one side, for
a round of circus and jackstones, while adults gathered on the other for a good round of
gossip and lemonade. Our home had been built by a master builder who died before I was
born, Walter N. Stevenson, Sr., my Grandfather. Walter N. Stevenson, Sr. who was born at
the turn of the eighteenth century became known as an artisan, considered one of the most
skilled builders and "the outstanding" plasterer and mentor to young craftsmen
in the city of Charlotte.
While growing up my Mother, Frances
Stevenson Sloane, who was a school teacher, often took me to see the ornate moldings my
Grandfather had carved into the ceiling of the Federal Courthouse and "old" post
office buildings on Trade Street. As the story goes he was working on the building with a
white contractor by the name of Mr. C.W. Kirkland. One evening as they walked home from
work an unfortunate tragedy occurred, Mr. Kirkland was killed by a train as he tried to
run across the tracks. Thusly, my Grandfather was left to complete the work alone. He was
an artisan and our home was delightfully marked with his craftsmanship in every room. He
spent a lot of time teaching his sons, Walter Stevenson, Jr. and Edgar Stevenson, to care
for their homes and families.
Of course, Greenville was known for
beautiful homes and gardens of fresh vegetables and flowers, a few back alley ways and
shotgun houses owned by absentee landlords and a special group of people interconnected by
caring and concern for you especially if you were a child. "What are you doing?"
"Where are you going?" "Does your Mother know where you are?" These
questions were often asked by adults who felt they could give a child guidance, or a
reprimand, or care, even in the absence of their parents. Greenville was a community that
had become (without knowing it) a living example of the African proverb, "It
takes a whole village to raise a child." And Greenville was a community of music from
Blues to Rhythm and Blues heard coming off the juke box in the nightclub beneath the
canopy of trees in Mr.Chris backyard to the spirituals, hymns and gospel music rising from
organs and pianos of the Presbyterian, A.M.E. Zion, Baptist, House of Prayer and the
Church of God churches to the tambourines, trumpets, brass cymbals and drums shouting from
the storefront church on the corner of Maple and Kendrick Street. There was a piano in
almost every home. The community gave birth to talented and famous musicians like the
Harrison family and Wilbert Harrison who wrote " Kansas City Baby" which has
become Kansas City's song, the E.D. Lock family, the famous Blues singer of national
acclaim, Pervis Lee, the Maxwells and Stevensons who could perform any style of music from
Big Band to Anthems, to Gospel, to Opera, who called Greenville home. Music was so
important, my Grandmother, Etta Stevenson, made me spend many hours each day practicing
classical vocal and piano lessons while some of my friends, roller-skating and biking down
the street, stopped at intervals on the sidewalk to sing along loudly in a weak off-key
first soprano imitation of "Because".
Greenville was populated
with prominent families such as the Moores, the Cannons, the Jenkins, the Walkers, the
Garnetts, the Griers, the Stevensons, the Alexanders, the Halls, the Jennings, the
Fosters, the Grays and citizens who contributed to the improvement of African American
life in Charlotte and throughout the country. For example, there was Mrs. Creola Moore
(born at the turn of the eighteenth century) , a school teacher, founded the first
Afro-American School in the state of North Carolina known as the Elementary Colored School
in Goldston, NC. The school eventually became a Rosenwald School. Mrs. Moore or "Miss
Creola" as we used to call her, later commuted from the Greenville community to a
Newton, NC grammar school to teach under the administration of Rev. Dr. A.P. Corley, the
pastor of Brandon Presbyterian Church located in Greenville. While teaching in Newton,
Mrs. Moore became the principal.
Realizing that the students would not be
able to attend the segregated high schools in or around Newton, Mrs. Moore brought
students to live in her spacious Greenville home with her family, giving them the
opportunity to attend Second Ward High School in the Brooklyn community. Her husband
Mr.Charles A.Moore worked on the railroad for many years and owned and operated a
successful limousine service, often driving professors from Johnson C Smith
round trip
from Charlotte to New York.
Greenville was known for
successful business persons such as Mr. Romeo Alexander who owned two large restaurants
and is a very successful realtor. His brother Oren Alexander became an established Bail
Bondsman. And of course, many people knew Mrs. Grace Robinson and Miss Rena Blue were the
preferred cosmetologists for many of the African-American women in Charlotte during the
latter part of their careers, they bought a track of land and built a new beauty shop. And
then there was Mr. Leroy Hall who owned a shoe shop for more than twenty years just to
name a few. And Ms. Mary Cherry a retried banker who became a successful
retailer. During
the hundred and ten years span of the community there were more than fifty thriving
(stable) businesses.
A large number of educators lived in the
community (proper) and in the Fairview Homes (also a section of Greenville). One of the
teachers was Mrs. Frances Stevenson Sloane, my Mother, who received numerous awards as an
outstanding teacher in the state of Georgia. She later became Chairman of the English
Department at J.T. Williams Jr. High School while still living in Greenville. Also Mrs.
Sarah Coleman the daughter of Mrs. Creola Moore, has been recognized as one of the leading
educators in the field of business. The list goes on, Mr. Kenneth Simmon, principal and
administrator in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg School System, and teachers Addie Foster, Abia
Miller, Eutila McCullough to name a few.
Many taught at Fairview School located in
Greenville where for many years Mr. W.G. Byers was principal others taught in schools
throughout the CMS system. The health care professionals are numerous. Among them Mrs Ruth
E. Gregory my namesake aunt) who was the head nurse when I was born at Good Samaritan, the
African American Hospital that was located near uptown Charlotte where the Stadium is now
located. And Mrs. Birdie Moore who was the first African American public health nurse in
the city. And Mrs. Thereasea Clark Elder, the first United States Cadet Nurse for the City
of Charlotte. It is also noteworthy to mention that the history, warmth and love for this
community is so deeply rooted with Mrs. Elder that she has become one of the tireless,
outstanding leaders of the Greenville Historical Society. And of course, last but not
least there was Dr. Charles James who could be seen almost any evening traveling from his
office in Brooklyn to make house calls to see his patients in Greenville( where he also
attended church), during the gentle days when you could be sick at home and your doctor
would come to you.
And speaking of churches,
there were thirteen churches of every denomination in Greenville. On any given Sunday
morning you could hear church bells ringing through the air. My Mother, Frances Sloane,
said that each church's bell had its own distinctive sound. If you stopped and listened,
you knew which church was calling its children to Sunday school. She also said the bells
gave us an African drum system of communication. When someone in Greenville had been very
ill, if a church bell rang during the night or the wee hours of the morning, we knew which
bell was ringing and that the person had "passed on". We would rise from our
beds to take the family food, comfort or anything they needed at the time.
It was a wonderful place defined by its own
terms of living and caring and creating a village all our own. We were part of a strong
network of African American communities known as the Second City. A Community of proud
people determined to become as self-subsisting as possible in the face of segregation and
racism. Today the community has a new face, new homes located off the Brookshire Freeway
on a partial track of the old land. There you find people like "Pop" Sadler and
his wife Carolyn from the old Greenville who help build a proud new community that offers
outstanding programs for youth development. Prides lives on. The concept of individual
achievement is as important in the new community as it was when I was a little girl
carrying dahlias for my Grandmother on spring Sunday mornings to Sudi Hall's and returning
home with roses. |